James GThe situation out-of Trafficking
Trafficking turned up to your political schedule after pressure off feminists and you may the new federal women’s rules department. To begin with, feminine were trafficked off The southern area of China (rather Thailand together with Philippines), Latin America (Columbia while the Dominican Republic and Africa (Ghana); adopting the slide of your Berlin Wall surface, trade pathways shifted so you’re able to Main and Eastern European countries. Governmental demands was indeed identifying the fresh offense a lot more broadly to helps prosecution and you can improving the penalty out of five to six years, to ensure that culprits would be stored into the remand custody. The latest stuff throughout the penal code on individual trafficking was basically revised in the 1993, having a exact definition of the brand new offence and higher penalties getting traffickers (Outshoorn 2004a: 195). The latest content have been presented when you look at the an excellent gender-natural ways, and you can trafficking stayed recognized as forcing men on the prostitution.
In the parliamentary debates on trafficking around that period, foreign women were portrayed as victims of unscrupulous traffickers tricked into prostitution. This framing was tied into a discourse about the divide between the rich and poor countries: female prostitutes from the ‘Third World’ were driven by poverty. Gradually, a more insidious edge crept into this discourse when Christian Democrats in parliament linked trafficking to illegal migration, opening a space for ‘false’ victims, who used the loopholes in the law to work illegally as a prostitute in the Netherlands (HTK, 1991–1992, TK 81, pp. 4994, 4995, e time they also started to argue that all women from non-EU countries working in the sex industry were victims of forced prostitution. Therefore in their view, the best remedy to stop trafficking was to prevent non-EU women from working in the Dutch sex industry in the first place. This reasoning eradicated the figure of a woman migrant deciding to work as a sex worker in the West and who might make use of intermediaries to enter the country-with her consent. But then she was ‘illegal’ and ought to be deported.
Successive cabinets continued to refuse work permits on similar grounds, also arguing there was no national interest at stake which normally justifies extending work permits to non-EU persons. They were backed by a recurring majority in parliament; the parliamentary records show many references to the fear of foreign prostitutes entering the country https://escortfrauen.de/en/austria/tyrol/hall-in-tirol which would subvert immigration policies. The fear resurfaced in the memorandum to the bill to lift the brothel ban, as one of the aims of the bill was to halt ‘the stream of foreign prostitutes’ (HTK 1996–97, 25437 (Opheffing Algemeen Bordeelverbod), no. 3 (Memorie van Toelichting), 1 July 1997, p. 13). The refusal to grant work permits was also generally justified by the aim of stopping the trafficking of women; permits would encourage traffickers to transport women into the country.
Kinds of Sex Pros
Next utilization of the new act resulted in the building away from no lower than five kinds of prostitutes. Firstly, you’ve got the ethnically undefined Dutch sex staff member which willingly decides to work inside the prostitution which will be new bearer away from municipal and you can public liberties. Subsequently, discover the new prostitutes off their European union places who will move freely in-and-out of Netherlands and work in the fresh new sex industry. These kinds put into several kinds adopting the accession toward Eu of Baltic Claims, Poland, Hungary, the brand new Czech Republic and you may Slovakia into the 2004, making a 3rd classification just who can only just legally become prostitutes if they were independent sex specialists and not group. In the 2007, sex pros regarding the the latest European union players had been recognized for the an enthusiastic equivalent ground into the more mature European union affiliate professionals, however the 3rd group was today full of sex gurus from Bulgaria and Romania whenever both regions joined the fresh new European union where exact same season. Like their predecessors, these women are allowed to act as independent sex specialists, however, to date notably less professionals.